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<title>Data control language</title>

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Data control language

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A data control language (DCL) is a syntax similar to a computer <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> used to control access to data stored in a database (<a href="Authorization" title="Authorization">authorization</a>). In particular, it is a component of <a href="Structured_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Query Language">Structured Query Language</a> (SQL). Data Control Language is one of the logical group in SQL Commands. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.ansi.org/2018/10/sql-standard-iso-iec-9075-2016-ansi-x3-135/">SQL</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is the standard language for relational database management systems. SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as insert data to a database, delete or update data in a database, or retrieve data from a database.

Though database systems use SQL, they also have their own additional proprietary extensions that are usually only used on their system. For example, Microsoft SQL server uses Transact-SQL (T-SQL), which is an extension of SQL. Similarly, Oracle uses PL-SQL, which an Oracle-specific SQL extension. However, the standard SQL commands such as "Select", "Insert", "Update", "Delete", "Create", and "Drop" can be used to accomplish almost everything that one needs to do with a database.

Examples of DCL commands include the SQL commands:

<ul><li>GRANT to allow specified users to perform specified tasks.</li>

<li>REVOKE to remove the user accessibility to <a href="Database_object" title="Database object">database object</a>.</li></ul>

The operations for which privileges may be granted to or revoked from a user or role apply to both the <a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">Data definition language</a> (DDL) and the <a href="Data_manipulation_language" title="Data manipulation language">Data manipulation language</a> (DML), and may include CONNECT, <a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECT</a>, <a href="Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">INSERT</a>, UPDATE, <a href="Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">DELETE</a>, EXECUTE, and USAGE.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microsoft_SQL_Server">Microsoft SQL Server</h2></div>

In <a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> there are four groups of SQL commands:<a href="#cite_note-sql-server-tip-card-2">[2]</a>

<ul><li>Data Manipulation Language (DML)</li>

<li>Data Definition Language (DDL)</li>

<li>Data Control Language (DCL)</li>

<li>Transaction Control Language (TCL)</li></ul>

DCL commands are used for access control and permission management for users in the database. With them we can easily allow or deny some actions for users on the tables or records (row level security).

DCL commands are:<a href="#cite_note-sql-server-tip-card-2">[2]</a>

<dl><dt>GRANT</dt>

<dd>gives specified permissions for the table (and other objects) to, or assigns a specified role with certain permissions to, specified groups or users of a database;</dd>

<dt>REVOKE</dt>

<dd>takes away specified permissions for the table (and other objects) to, or takes away a specified role with certain permissions to, specified groups or users of a database;</dd>

<dd>denies a specified permission to a security object.</dd></dl>

For example: GRANT can be used to give privileges to user to do SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE on a specific table or multiple tables.

The REVOKE command is used to take a privilege away (default) or revoking specific command like UPDATE or DELETE based on requirements.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tsql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Grant SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE on Employees To User1

Revoke INSERT On Employees To User1

Deny Update On Employees to User1

</pre></div>

In the first example, GRANT gives privileges to user User1 to do SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE on the table named Employees.

In the second example, REVOKE removes User1's privileges to use the INSERT command on the table Employees.

DENY is a specific command. We can conclude that every user has a list of privilege which is denied or granted so command DENY is there to explicitly ban you some privileges on the database objects.:

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oracle_Database">Oracle Database</h2></div>

<a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a> divide SQL commands to different types. They are.

<ul><li>Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements</li>

<li>Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements</li>

<li>Transaction Control Statements</li>

<li>Session Control Statements</li>

<li>System Control Statement</li>

<li>Embedded SQL Statements</li></ul>

For details refer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/statements_1001.htm#SQLRF30001">Oracle-</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/statements_1001.htm#SQLRF30001">TCL</a>

Data definition language (DDL) statements let you to perform these tasks:

<ul><li>Create, alter, and drop schema objects</li>

<li>Grant and revoke privileges and roles</li>

<li>Analyze information on a table, index, or cluster</li>

<li>Establish auditing options</li>

<li>Add comments to the data dictionary</li></ul>

So Oracle Database DDL commands include the Grant and revoke privileges which is actually part of Data control Language in Microsoft SQL server.

Syntax for grant and revoke in Oracle Database:

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_2">Example</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON db1.Employee TO user1;

REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON db1.Employee FROM user1;

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transaction_Control_Statements_in_Oracle">Transaction Control Statements in Oracle</h3></div>

Transaction control statements manage changes made by DML statements. The transaction control statements are:

<ul><li>COMMIT</li>

<li>ROLLBACK</li>

<li>SAVEPOINT</li>

<li>SET TRANSACTION</li>

<li>SET CONSTRAINT</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MySQL">MySQL</h2></div>

<a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> server they divide SQL statements into different type of statement

<ul><li>Data Definition Statements</li>

<li>Data Manipulation Statements</li>

<li>Transactional and Locking Statements</li>

<li>Replication Statements</li>

<li>Prepared Statements</li>

<li>Compound Statement Syntax</li>

<li>Database Administration Statements</li>

<li>Utility Statements</li></ul>

For details refer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/account-management-statements.html">MySQL Transactional statements</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

The grant, revoke syntax are as part of Database administration statementsàAccount Management System.

The GRANT statement enables system administrators to grant privileges and roles, which can be granted to user accounts and roles. These syntax restrictions apply:

<ul><li>GRANT cannot mix granting both privileges and roles in the same statement. A given GRANT statement must grant either privileges or roles.</li>

<li>The ON clause distinguishes whether the statement grants privileges or roles:</li>

<li>With ON, the statement grants privileges</li>

<li>Without ON, the statement grants roles.</li>

<li>It is permitted to assign both privileges and roles to an account, but you must use separate GRANT statements, each with syntax appropriate to what is to be granted.</li></ul>

The REVOKE statement enables system administrators to revoke privileges and roles, which can be revoked from user accounts and roles.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>REVOKE INSERT ON *.* FROM 'jeffrey'@'localhost';

REVOKE 'role1', 'role2' FROM 'user1'@'localhost', 'user2'@'localhost';

REVOKE SELECT ON world.* FROM 'role3';

GRANT ALL ON db1.* TO 'jeffrey'@'localhost';

GRANT 'role1', 'role2' TO 'user1'@'localhost', 'user2'@'localhost';

GRANT SELECT ON world.* TO 'role3';

</pre></div>

In <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a>, executing DCL is <a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">transactional</a>, and can be rolled back.

Grant and Revoke are the SQL commands are used to control the privileges given to the users in a Databases

<a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a> does not have any DCL commands as it does not have usernames or logins. Instead, SQLite depends on <a href="File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">file-system permissions</a> to define who can open and access a database.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">Data definition language</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_manipulation_language" title="Data manipulation language">Data manipulation language</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_query_language" title="Data query language">Data query language</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.ansi.org/2018/10/sql-standard-iso-iec-9075-2016-ansi-x3-135/">"The SQL Standard – ISO/IEC 9075:2016 (ANSI X3.135) – ANSI Blog"</a>. The ANSI Blog. 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2020-09-19.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-sql-server-tip-card-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sql-server-tip-card_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sql-server-tip-card_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLove2023" class="citation web cs1">Love, Aubrey (March 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/7575/sql-clause-statement-command-expression-batch-definition/">"SQL Clause, Statement, Command, Expression and Batch Defined"</a>. MSSQLTips. Retrieved 2025-01-26.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/statements_1001.htm#SQLRF30001">"Database SQL Language Reference"</a>. docs.oracle.com. Retrieved 2020-09-19.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/account-management-statements.html">"MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual :: 13.7.1 Account Management Statements"</a>. dev.mysql.com. Retrieved 2020-09-19.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Kreibich, J.A., 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFIM47wp0X0C">Using SQLite</a>, O’Reilly.

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</style><div id="Database_management_systems327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a>

<li><a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="NewSQL" title="NewSQL">NewSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a>

<li><a href="Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockchain-based_database" title="Blockchain-based database">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Armstrong's_axioms" title="Armstrong's axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li>

<li><a href="Codd's_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li>

<li><a href="PACELC_design_principle" title="PACELC design principle">PACELC design principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a></li>

<li><a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">Transaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_Rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Rewriting">Query rewriting system</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_plan" title="Query plan">Query plan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_administration" title="Database administration">Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)#DATABASE" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li>

<li>Database storage</li>

<li><a href="Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li>

<li><a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">Relational algebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_calculus" title="Relational calculus">Relational calculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">Object–relational database</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">Transaction processing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Outline_of_databases" title="Outline of databases">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Data_control_language&oldid=1272212507">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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